Application of nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) for groundwater remediation in Europe

摘要

Nano Zero Valent Iron (NZVI) is emerging as new option for the treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater. Due to their small size, the nanoscale particles are more reactive than granular iron which is conventionally applied in reactive barriers and can be used for in situ treatment. NZVI effectively reduces chlorinated organic contaminants (e.g. TCE, PCE, TCA, pesticides, solvents) and also inorganic anions or metals. This article summarizes the current knowledge on NZVI for groundwater remediation and gives an overview over the practical experience on NZVI applications in Europe. The comparison of NZVI-applications in Europe and the U.S. reveals significant differences in the technology application. In Europe only three full-scale applications with surface-modified NZVI have been carried out so far while NZVI is an established treatment method in the U.S. Bimetallic particles and emulsified NZVI are currently not applied in Europe. The economic and legal conditions in Europe raise doubts that NZVI is a cost-effective method for groundwater remediation. Major concerns are the limited mobility and lifetime of NZVI. Further hurdles regarding the commercialization of NZVI are the material handling, the costs, the fear of a public backlash and that the technology is unknown to consultants, governments and site owners. However, the results of the field applications regarding contaminant reduction are promising and so far no major adverse impacts on the environment have been reported.